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AC-16 - Fibrillar filamentous
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Found in various diseases, but AC-16 is not typically found in SARD.
Antigens recognized include cytokeratins 8, 18, & 19, tubulin, and vimentin; specific immunoassays for these autoantibodies are currently not commercially available.
Reported in 50% of sera from patients with alcoholic liver disease, but in only 7 – 13% of sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis, PBC, and healthy controls.
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Higher levels of anti-cytokeratin 8, anti-cytokeratin 18 and anti-cytokeratin 19 antibodies reported in patients with AIH compared with normal volunteers and patients with chronic active HCV infection.
Autoantibody against the 45-kDa human cytokeratin 18 protein reported in 76% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and 24% of control subjects.
Higher levels of anti-cytokeratin 19 antibodies reported in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disorders compared with healthy controls, patients with chronic bronchitis, and patients with pneumonia
Reported in high prevalence in patients with certain parasitic infections.
IgM autoantibodies to tubulin have been described in patients with infectious mononucleosis and healthy adults.
IgG autoantibodies to tubulin have been detected specifically associated with young age onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Reported in a single case of a patient with a progressive sensorimotor neuropathy.
High levels of polyclonal autoantibodies to tubulin are associated with acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies.
Low levels of autoantibodies are reported in healthy controls.
Reported as one of the biomarkers for Sydenham’s chorea and PANDAS syndrome
IgG and IgM autoantibodies to vimentin have been reported as relevant markers in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and associated tumors.
Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritis patients may have antibody to citrullinated isoforms of vimentin; it is, however, unlikely that these antibodies show the AC-16 pattern.
Reported to occur after solid organ transplantation and implicated in rejection and poor outcome in cardiac or renal transplantation.
Most reports describe autoantibodies directly binding to specific antigens (i.e., antigen-specific immunoassays) and none actually shows correlations with the AC-16 pattern as such; specific immunoassay for these autoantibodies are currently not commercially available.